that the eschatological imagery of Luke 16:19–31 is theologically relevant as well.34 More broadly, Cooper’s treatment of the Lukan texts is shaped by two interrelated and far-reaching presumptions. The first is that, in the “intertestamental period” (i.e., the period of Second Temple Judaism), testimony to an intermediate state was ubiquitous. The second is that this intermediate state was conceived in a common way across Jewish literature of this era. Cooper also imagines that the belief system